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合同與協(xié)議在翻譯中有什么區(qū)別嗎?
而在現(xiàn)代英語合同翻譯中,合同翻譯一般成為 Contract,協(xié)議翻譯一般稱為 Agreement。那么 Contract 和Agreement 是一回事嗎?他們之間又有什么關(guān)系呢?《中華人民共和國民法通則》第 85 條規(guī)定:" 合同是當事人之間設(shè)立、變更、終止民事關(guān)系的協(xié)議"(A contract shall be an agreement whereby the parties establish, change or terminate their civil relationship)。《中華人民共和國合同法》第二條規(guī)定:
"合同是平等主體的自然人、法人、其他組織之間設(shè)立、變更、終止民事權(quán)利義務(wù)關(guān)系的協(xié)議"
(Contracts referred to in this Law are agreements between equal natural persons, legal persons and other organizations for the purpose of establishing, altering and terminating mutual civil rights and obligations)。
美國法律整編合同法第二次匯編定義合同為:"合同乃為一個允諾或一組允諾。違反此一允諾時,法律給予救濟;或其允諾之履行,法律在某些情況下視之為一項義務(wù)。"(A contract is a promise, or a set of promises, for breach of which the law gives a remedy, or the performance of which the law in some way recognizes as a duty.)(Restatement,Second, Contracts, Section 1)這一定義在 Steven H. Gifts編著的 Law Dictionary 被完全引述. 但一般而言,Contract,乃兩個以上當事人間具有法律約束力之協(xié)議,或由一個以上當事人所為一組具有法律約束力之允諾。(A contract is a legally binding agreement between two or more parties or a set of legal binding promises made by one party or more.(G. C. Lindsay, Contract, 3rd ed. 1992) 這一表述在 L.B. Curzon 編撰的 Dictionary of Law 中概括為"A legally binding agreement creating enforceable obligations." Chris Turner 在其編撰的 Contract Law 中定義的更為具體明了"A contract is an agreement between two parties by which both are bound in law and which can therefore be enforced in a court or other equivalent forum."即合同就是對合同方具有法律上約束力, 可由法院或其他同等管轄地強制執(zhí)行的協(xié)議。
至于 agreement,L.B. Curzon 的 Dictionary of Law 定義為:"A consensus of minds, or evidence of such consensus, in spoken or written form, relating to anything done or to be done."是對已做和待做的有關(guān)事宜以口頭或書面形式做出的相同意思表示或該意思表示的證據(jù)。
Black's Law Dictionary 給 Agreement 下了兩個定義:一個是"a concord of understanding and intention between two or more parties with respect to the effect upon their relative rights and duties, of certain past or future facts or performances,"即雙方或多方就某些過去或?qū)硎聦嵒蛳嚓P(guān)權(quán)利、義務(wù)或權(quán)利義務(wù)的履行而達成一致的理解和愿望。另一個是"The consent of two or more persons concurring respecting the transmission of some property, right, or benefits, with the view of contracting an obligation, a mutual obligation."即兩個或多個當事人,為了約定單方責任或相互責任,就財產(chǎn)、權(quán)利、利益的移轉(zhuǎn)取得的一致同意。
Contract(合同)和 Agreement(協(xié)議)到底能不能相互替換呢?讓我們來看看英文合同相關(guān)書籍和詞典的說法。Chris Turner 在其Contract Law 中是這樣闡述合同的成立:"There are three key ingredients to formation (of contracts): agreement-based on mutuality over the terms, agreement exists when a valid acceptance follows a valid offer; consideration-given by both sides, the quid pro quo, and the proof that the bargain exists; intention to create legal relations-since a contract is legally enforceable, unlike mere gratuitous promises. 即合同成立的三個要件:協(xié)議(基于要約與承諾形成對條款的相互一致而存在)、約因(雙方付出的對價及對價存在的證據(jù))和設(shè)立法律關(guān)系的意愿。(合同具有法律上的執(zhí)行力, 不同于純粹的無償贈予的允諾)這里也是用 agreement 來解釋 contract 的,認為 contract(合同)是一種符合一定條件的 agreement(協(xié)議)。
在英語法律用語中雖然多用"agreement" 來解釋"contract" , 其實也有偶用"contract" 解釋
"agreement"的情形,如:Agreement,…(2) A contract (The Law Dictionary) 甚至有在同一句中交替使用的實例,如:If the contract contains an innocent mistake, you can get out of the agreement if the mistake is important. (What Should I Know About Contracts, The State Bar of California, 2 Edi. 1984), 還有更為明確的:Agreement. Synonym for Contract (Robert LeRoy & Kenneth A. Buths, Business Law and Taxes, "Glossary", 1984)
綜上所述,我們不難看出,漢語的法律用語僅用協(xié)議來解釋合同,而英語的法律用語往往不很嚴格,多用 Agreement 解釋 Contract, 但也有用 Contract 解釋 Agreement 的情形, 雖說大多情況Contract 與 Agreement 有所區(qū)別,有時候兩者可以作為同義詞互換使用。作為具有法律意義的正式文件,兩者性質(zhì)上是一樣的,但就廣義的協(xié)議和合同來講,還是有區(qū)別的:
從內(nèi)容、條款上看,合同較為具體、詳盡,著眼于微觀,而協(xié)議則較為原則、粗疏,致力于宏觀。實踐中往往合作方就某一項目達成協(xié)議對有關(guān)原則問題作出約定,然后在此基礎(chǔ)上簽訂合同, 再全面明確各項具體的細節(jié)。
從涉及范圍上看,合同的標的往往比較單一集中,也很明確;通常都是一事一議,就事論事, 而協(xié)議的標的往往比較廣泛;一項大型項目的協(xié)議往往包括或分解成若干個具體的合同。
從書寫格式上看,合同已基本格式化了,大家可以看到許多的合同范本;而協(xié)議的格式相對靈活一些,沒有什么固定的格式。
而狹義的協(xié)議和合同并無分別,只是用語上和習慣上的稱呼而已。